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The full recognition of the impact of trauma on human functioning was just beginning to emerge in the U.S. from the studies of Holocaust survivors, Vietnam veterans, battered women, abused children, disaster survivors, refugees, sexual assault and other crime victims, and torture survivors. We now understand far more than ever about the legacy of trauma. The trauma field was born out of the clashing ideologies that were articulated in the 1960’s and 1970’s. “war crimes, war protests and war babies; child abuse, incest and women’s liberation; burning monks, burning draft cards and burning crosses; murdered college kids and show trials of accused radicals; kidnappings, terrorism and bombings; a citizenry betrayed by its government and mass protests in front of the Capitol in Washington”– all played a role in increasing awareness of the impact of violence (Bloom,2000). Link to history of International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Studies on all of these survivor groups began entering the mental health environment in the 1970’s and picked up momentum in the 1980’s. All of this work has led to the beginning development of an integrative conceptual framework that has been absent prior to this including an entirely different way of viewing all kinds of individual and social misbehaviors and maladaptations, moving from viewing people as "sick" or "bad" (or both) to injured. Understanding trauma means changing "mental models", changing very basic assumptions.
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