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In 1980, Sandra Bloom, a psychiatrist, Joseph Foderaro, a social worker, and Ruth Ann Ryan, a nurse manager joined with other mental health professionals to create an acute care psychiatric unit in a general hospital north of Philadelphia. Around 1985, the treatment team began to realize that most of the people they were treating in an inpatient setting and in outpatient treatment had survived overwhelmingly stressful and often traumatic experiences, usually beginning in childhood.
From 1985-1991 they developed inpatient and outpatient trauma-informed approaches to the treatment of adults, just as the field of traumatic stress studies itself was developing as a field of knowledge. In 1991, the team formed The Sanctuary, a trauma-specific program for adult survivors. Dr. Silver had written the first chapter on the inpatient treatment of trauma survivors - a program for Vietnam veterans and he had described "sanctuary trauma" - expecting a welcoming and healing environment and finding instead, more trauma. Dr. Bloom and her colleagues sprang off of this concept in their conversations about what it takes to create a truly healing environment for their patients - adult survivors of childhood maltreatment. In doing so, they recognized the continuity between their observations of what benefited their clients and several significant previous movements in psychiatry - Moral Treatment, social psychiatry and the therapeutic community.
In 1997, Dr. Bloom published Creating Sanctuary: Toward the Evolution of Sane Societies, describing the journey of this treatment team in learning exactly what it means to create "trauma-informed systems". The program closed in 2001 as a result of the monumental changes in mental health care financing that have subsequently created a mental health care crisis.
During the early 1990's, several other mental health organizations and individuals sought consultation around the emerging Sanctuary Model and included the Program for Traumatic Stress Recovery at Homewood Hospital in Guelph, Canada and Dr. Lyndra Bills who was the first person to implement the model in a state hospital setting. Later, Salem Hospital in Salem, Oregon consulted with Dr. Bloom and used elements of the Sanctuary Model to eliminate the use of seclusion and restraint.
Sanctuary inpatient hospital programs x 5 - adults
Program for Traumatic Stress Recovery, Homewood Hospital, Guelph, Canada State Hospital - Bills and Bloom Psychiatric inpatient unit, Salem Hospital, Salem, Oregon
Late in the 1990's, the Jewish Board of Family and Children's Services of New York contacted Dr. Bloom about the possibility of implementing the Sanctuary Model in several residential treatment programs for children in Hawthorne, New York. As a result, Hawthorne-Cedar Knolls, the Goldsmith Center, and the Linden Hill School all participated in an NIMH research study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Sanctuary Model in children's residential care.
Around the same time, administrators at the Andrus Children's Center contacted Dr. Bloom about creating a trauma-informed culture in their residential program, day treatment center, school, and community organizations in Yonkers, New York. Julia Dyckman Andrus Memorial Center reaches approximately 2500 children and families each year through residential, day treatment, and community-based programs. The Sanctuary Institute is a collaborative effort of Andrus Children's Center and Dr. Sandra L. Bloom, one of the founders of the Sanctuary Model® and author of Creating Sanctuary: Toward the Evolution of Sane Societies. The objective of the Sanctuary Institute is to help organizations implement the trauma-informed, whole-system organizational approach known as the Sanctuary Model.
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